Guías de Práctica Clínica para el Tratamiento del Tabaquismo / Clinical Practice Guidelines for Smoking Cessation

Resumen: Considerando que la población chilena tiene una historia de alto consumo de tabaco, la Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias en colaboración con las Sociedades Chilenas de Cardiología; Endocrinología y Diabetes formó un grupo interdisciplinario que emitió un conjunto de recomendaciones para el enfrentamiento del paciente fumador, asesorado metodológicamente por expertos. Estas intervenciones deben priorizarse en grupos de alto riesgo. Métodos: El panel elaboró y graduó las recomendaciones siguiendo la metodología GRADE. Para estimar el efecto de cada intervención, se identificó revisiones sistemáticas y estudios clínicos aleatorizados. Además, se realizó una búsqueda de estudios realizados con población chilena. Para cada una de las preguntas, el panel determinó la dirección y fuerza de la recomendación mediante una tabla de la Evidencia a la Decisión. Recomendaciones: Para todos los fumadores, el panel recomienda usar consejería breve sobre no intervención, consejería vía telefonía móvil sobre no intervención, y mensajes de texto sobre no intervención (recomendación fuerte; certeza moderada en la evidencia de los efectos).Para los individuos motivados, con indicación de fármacos para dejar de fumar el panel recomienda terapia de reemplazo de nicotina sobre no intervención, bupropión sobre no intervención, vareniclina sobre no intervención (recomendación fuerte; certeza moderada en la evidencia de los efectos).Discusión: Se emiten recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para el tratamiento del tabaquismo. Palabras clave: Guías de práctica clínica, vareniclina, bupropión, nicotina, cesación del tabaquismo

Considering that the Chilean population has a high tobacco consumption history, the Chilean Association of Respiratory Diseases in collaboration with the Chilean Associations of Cardiology and Endocrinology and Diabetes, formed an interdisciplinary group, that issued a set of recommendations for the treatment of the smoker, methodologically advised by experts. These interventions should be prioritized in high-risk groups. Methods: The panel elaborated and graded the recommendations following the GRADE methodology. To assess the effect of each intervention, systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials were identified. In addition, a search of studies done in the Chilean population was carried out. For each of the questions, the panel determined the direction and strength of the recommendation through a decision evidence table.Recommendations: For all smokers, the panel recommends using brief counseling ABC over non-intervention, using mobile telephone counseling over non-intervention, using text messages over non-intervention, (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects) For motivated individuals, with indication for pharmacological interventions for quitting smoking, the panel recommends using nicotine replacement therapy over non-intervention, using bupropion over non-intervention, using varenicline over non-intervention. (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects) Discussion: This clinical practice guidelines provides recommendations based on the current evidence for smoking cessation. Keywords: clinical practice guidelines, varenicline, bupropion , nicotine, smoking cessation

Guías de Práctica Clínica para el Tratamiento del Tabaquismo, Chile 2017 / Clinical Practice Guidelines for Smoking Cessation

Considering that a high proportion of the Chilean general population smokes, the Chilean Society of Respiratory Diseases in collaboration with the Chilean Societies of Cardiology and, Endocrinology and Diabetes, formed an interdisciplinary group, who issued a set of recommendations for the treatment of the smoker, methodologically advised by experts. These interventions should be prioritized in high-risk groups. Methods The panel elaborated and graded the recommendations following the GRADE methodology. To assess the effect of each intervention, systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials were identified. In addition, a search of studies done with the Chilean population was carried out. For each of the questions, the panel determined the direction and strength of the recommendation through a decision evidence table. Recommendations For all smokers, the panel recommends using brief counseling ABC on non-intervention, using mobile telephone interventions on non-intervention, using text message on non-intervention, (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects). For motivated individuals, with indication for quitting drugs the panel recommends using nicotine replacement therapy on non-intervention, using bupropion on non-intervention, using varenicline on non-intervention. (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects). Discussion This clinical practice guide provides recommendations based on the evidence for smoking cessation.

El propósito de esta guía es presentar recomendaciones basadas en evidencia sobre las intervenciones disponibles para dejar de fumar. Su audiencia objetivo corresponde a todos los profesionales de la salud y su población objetivo corresponde a personas fumadoras atendidas en ambientes ambulatorios u hospitalarios, además de poblaciones especiales como embarazadas, adolescentes y pacientes con enfermedad psiquiátrica (compensada por al menos tres meses).

Guías de Práctica Clínica para el Tratamiento del Tabaquismo, Chile 2017 / Clinical Practice Guidelines for Smoking Cessation

RESUMEN Considerando que la población chilena tiene una historia de alto consumo de tabaco la Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias en colaboración con las Sociedades Chilenas de Cardiología; Endocrinología y Diabetes formó un grupo interdisciplinario que emitió un conjunto de recomendaciones para el enfrentamiento del paciente fumador, asesorado metodológicamente por expertos. Estas intervenciones deben priorizarse en grupos de alto riesgo. Métodos: El panel elaboró y graduó las recomendaciones siguiendo la metodología GRADE. Para estimar el efecto de cada intervención, se identificó revisiones sistemáticas y estudios clínicos aleatorizados. Además, se realizó una búsqueda de estudios realizados con población chilena. Para cada una de las preguntas, el panel determinó la dirección y fuerza de la recomendación mediante una tabla de la Evidencia a la Decisión. Recomendaciones: Para todos los fumadores, el panel recomienda usar consejería breve sobre no intervención, consejería vía telefonía móvil sobre no intervención, y mensajes de texto sobre no intervención (recomendación fuerte; certeza moderada en la evidencia de los efectos). Para los individuos motivados, con indicación de fármacos para dejar de fumar el panel recomienda terapia de reemplazo de nicotina sobre no intervención, bupropión sobre no intervención, vareniclina sobre no intervención (recomendación fuerte; certeza moderada en la evidencia de los efectos). Discusión: Se emiten recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para el tratamiento del tabaquismo.

Considering that Chilean population has a high tobacco consumption history, the Chilean Society of Respiratory Diseases in collaboration with the Chilean Societies of Cardiology and, Endocrinology and Diabetes, formed an interdisciplinary group, who issued a set of recommendations for the treatment of the smoker, methodologically advised by experts. These interventions should be prioritized in high-risk groups. Methods: The panel elaborated and graded the recommendations following the GRADE methodology. To assess the effect of each intervention, systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials were identified. In addition, a search of studies done with the Chilean population was carried out. For each of the questions, the panel determined the direction and strength of the recommendation through a decision evidence table. Recommendations: For all smokers, the panel recommends using brief counseling ABC on non-intervention, using mobile telephone interventions on non-intervention, using text message on non-intervention, (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects). For motivated individuals, with indication for quitting drugs the panel recommends using nicotine replacement therapy on non-intervention, using bupropion on non-intervention, using varenicline on non-intervention. (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects). Discussion: This clinical practice guide provides recommendations based on the evidence for smoking cessation.

Consejería y Entrevista Motivacional para reducir el consumo de tabaco / Strategies for counselling and the Motivational Interview to reduce smoking

Resumen Chile tiene una alta prevalencia de tabaquismo en población general. Esta patología es un factor de riesgo en numerosas enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como el cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares y respiratorias y diabetes. La Guía Chilena del Tratamiento del Tabaquismo recomienda fuertemente usar consejería breve para todos los fumadores. Se describe las bases teóricas de una consejería efectiva y diferentes estrategias para la realizar esta consejería. Para la consejería breve se describe el ABCd, estrategia recomendada en las Guías Chilenas. Las 5As son muy similares al ABC; también las 5Rs pueden ayudar a motivar fumadores para dejar de fumar. Se propone algunas de las estrategias de la entrevista motivacional para ayudar a motivar el cambio, tanto cuando se realiza consejería breve como para cuando el profesional disponga de más tiempo. Estas intervenciones son para todo fumador, aunque, se debe priorizar en grupos de alto riesgo.

Chile has a high prevalence of smoking in the general population. Smoking is a risk factor in numerous chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and diabetes. The Chilean Guidelines for the Treatment of Smoking strongly recommend brief advice for all smokers. This article describes the theoretical basis for effective advice and also different counselling strategies for all of the health team. For brief advice, the ABCd, the strategy recommended in the Chilean Guidelines, is described together with the 5As strategy. The 5Rs strategy is proposed to help motivate smokers who are not ready to quit smoking. Some of the strategies of the motivational interview are proposed to help motivate behavioural change during brief advice and when the professional has a little more time. These interventions are for all smokers, although high-risk groups should be given priority.

[Clinical Practice Guidelines for Smoking Cessation]. / Guías de Práctica Clínica para el Tratamiento del Tabaquismo, Chile 2017.

Considering that a high proportion of the Chilean general population smokes, the Chilean Society of Respiratory Diseases in collaboration with the Chilean Societies of Cardiology and, Endocrinology and Diabetes, formed an interdisciplinary group, who issued a set of recommendations for the treatment of the smoker, methodologically advised by experts. These interventions should be prioritized in high-risk groups. Methods The panel elaborated and graded the recommendations following the GRADE methodology. To assess the effect of each intervention, systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials were identified. In addition, a search of studies done with the Chilean population was carried out. For each of the questions, the panel determined the direction and strength of the recommendation through a decision evidence table. Recommendations For all smokers, the panel recommends using brief counseling ABC on non-intervention, using mobile telephone interventions on non-intervention, using text message on non-intervention, (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects). For motivated individuals, with indication for quitting drugs the panel recommends using nicotine replacement therapy on non-intervention, using bupropion on non-intervention, using varenicline on non-intervention. (strong recommendation; moderate certainty in the evidence of the effects). Discussion This clinical practice guide provides recommendations based on the evidence for smoking cessation.

Consenso Chileno de rehabilitación respiratoria en el paciente con epoc: introducción / Consensus of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: introduction

In Chile and the world, the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a problem of public health, due to its high prevalence, its progressive condition, the deterioration of the quality of life and its great economic impact. The respiratory rehabilitation (RR) is a multidisciplinary treatment and in COPD patients allows to control the vicious circle that limits the capacity of exercise in these patients. The aims of the RR are: to reduce the symptoms, to improve the tolerance to the physical exercise and the quality of life. We sense beforehand the first Chilean Consensus of Respiratory Rehabilitation in COPD patients. These guides have to aim that the RR could apply to them in the whole country, so much in hospitals and in the primary care. For the elaboration of this document, a group ofpulmonary physicians, physical therapists, nurses, nutritionists and psychologists carried out a systematic analysis of the scientific available evidence until December, 2010. The evidence was analyzed according to the system GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) modified. This consensus is divided into chapters which analyze in depth each one of the topics of the RR. These include the pathophysiology, evaluation and programs, muscle training of lower and upper extremities and inspiratory muscle training, supplemmental oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, education, nutrition, psychological aspects and cost-efficiency.

En Chile y el mundo, la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es un problema de salud pública, debido a su alta prevalencia, su condición progresiva, el deterioro de la calidad de vida y el gran impacto económico. La rehabilitación respiratoria (RR) es un tratamiento multidisciplinario y en los pacientes con EPOC permite intervenir el círculo vicioso que limita la capacidad de ejercicio en estos pacientes. Los objetivos de la RR son: reducir los síntomas, mejorar la tolerancia al ejercicio físico y la calidad de vida. Presentamos el primer Consenso Chileno de Rehabilitación Respiratoria en pacientes con EPOC. Estas guías tienen por objetivo que la RR pueda aplicarse en todo el país, tanto en hospitales como en la atención primaria. Para la elaboración de este documento, un grupo de neumonólogos, kinesiólogos, enfermeras, nutricionistas y psicólogos realizó un análisis sistemático de la evidencia científica disponible hasta diciembre de 20l0. La evidencia fue analizada según el sistema GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) modificado. El consenso se dividió en capítulos los cuales analizan en profundidad cada uno de los tópicos de la RR. Estos incluyen fisiopatologia, evaluación y programas, entrenamiento muscular de: extremidades inferiores, superiores y musculatura inspiratoria, oxígenoterapia, ventilación no invasiva, educación, nutrición, aspectos psicológicos y costo-efectividad.

Evaluación clínica de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en los programas de rehabilitación respiratoria / Clinical evaluation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in pulmonary rehabilitation programs

Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are the largest tributaries of the pulmonary rehabilitation programs. This chapter discusses the necessary evaluation required for patients with COPD, before entering the pulmonary rehabilitation program. Scientific evidence exists regarding the benefits of these programs. The assessment method recommend is: general evaluation, lung function, exercise tolerance (6-minute walk test, incremental walking test), dyspnea (scale of Borg, modified Medical Research Council scale) and health-related quality of life (Saint George's questionnaire). Also, BODE index, psychological and nutritional assessment and a cardiovascular evaluation to rule out cardiac pathology that contraindicates rehabilitation, should be carried out. Following the evaluation, the patient will be into a pulmonary rehabilitation program, the team should consist of a multidisciplinary and include: 1) education of patients and their families, 2) muscle testing and training of: lower extremities, upper extremities and respiratory muscles, and 4) psychosocial support. The pulmonary rehabilitation program provides significant benefits to patients with COPD in terms of reducing dyspnea, improve exercise capacity and quality of life (quality evidence A, strong recommendation). Physical space is required for the evaluation of patients and a training room. It is recommended that pulmonary rehabilitation program must be personalized and centred on the needs of the patient and has a duration of 6 to 12 weeks. Programs effectiveness is independent of where they are carried out and it depends primarily on its structure. It is important to work out a strategy study and control program for evaluating its success.

Los pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva crónica (EPOC) son los mayores tributarios de los programas de rehabilitación respiratoria. En este capitulo se analiza la evaluación que requieren los pacientes con EPOC antes de ingresar al programa de rehabilitación respiratoria y la evidencia científica que existe en cuanto a sus beneficios. El método de evaluación recomendado es: una evaluación general, la función pulmonar, la tolerancia al ejercicio (prueba de caminata de 6 minutos, prueba de caminata incremental), la disnea (escala de Borg, escala del Medical Research Council modificada) y los relacionados con la calidad de vida con el cuestionario de Saint George. Además, evaluación del índice BODE, evaluación psicológica y nutricional y una evaluación cardiovascular para descartar patología cardiaca que contraindique la rehabilitación. Efectuada la evaluación, se ingresa al paciente a un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria, el cual debe constar de un equipo multidisciplinario y debe incluir: 1) Educación de los pacientes y su familia; 2) Evaluación y entrenamiento muscular de extremidades inferiores, superiores y músculos respiratorios; 3) Soporte nutricional, y 4) Apoyo psicosocial. El programa de rehabilitación pulmonar proporciona importantes beneficios a los pacientes con EPOC en términos de reducción de la disnea, mejoría en la capacidad de ejercicio y en la calidad de vida (calidad de la evidencia A, recomendación fuerte). Se debe contar con espacio físico para la evaluación de los pacientes y con una sala de entrenamiento. Se recomienda que el programa de rehabilitación respiratoria debe ser personalizado y centrado en las necesidades del paciente y debe tener una duración de 6 a 12 semanas. La efectividad del programa es independiente del lugar donde se lleva a cabo y depende principalmente de su estructura. Es importante elaborar un estudio de estrategia y programa de control para evaluar su éxito.

Entrenamiento de las extremidades superiores en el paciente con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Upper extremity exercise training in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) showed a reduction in force generating capacity of the muscle groups of the upper extremities (UE) and the chest wall compared with healthy subjects. Also, there is evidence that the exercise of the UE is associated with significant metabolic and ventilatory cost, this is particularly evident in patients with moderate and severe COPD. Clinically, patients have a significant increase in dyspnea and fatigue for simple activities of daily life.This chapter therefore evaluated the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effect of upper extremities exercise in the pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients. The technical characteristics of this exercise training were also reviewed. Exercise training of upper extremities was recommended in respiratory rehabilitation of COPD patients as it improves exercise capacity, reducing ventilation and oxygen consumption (quality evidence B, moderate strength recommendation). Exercise training of upper extremities can be associated with lower limb muscle training to obtain every better result for patients. Upper extremities exercises can be done without support, with incremental or constant load.

En los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) se observa una reducción de la capacidad de generación de fuerza de los grupos musculares de las extremidades superiores (EESS) y de la pared torácica comparado con sujetos sanos. Existen evidencias que el ejercicio de las EESS se asocia a un significativo costo metabólico y ventilatorio que es particularmente evidente en los pacientes con EPOC moderada a severa. Clínicamente, estos pacientes tienen disnea y fatiga con actividades sencillas de la vida diaria. En este capitulo se evaluó la evidencia científica que existe en cuanto a los beneficios del entrenamiento muscular de EESS en la rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes con EPOC. Las características técnicas de dicho entrenamiento también fueron revisadas. Se recomendó la realización de entrenamiento muscular de EESS en la rehabilitación respiratoria de pacientes con EPOC, por cuanto mejora la capacidad de ejercicio, reduce la ventilación y el consumo de oxígeno (calidad de la evidencia: B, fuerza de la recomendación: moderada). El entrenamiento muscular de EESS puede ser asociado al entrenamiento muscular de extremidades inferiores por cuanto se obtienen mejores resultados para el paciente. Los ejercicios de EESS pueden realizarse sin apoyo, con carga incremental o carga constante.

Manejo de la neumonía comunitaria del adulto en el Servicio de Salud Viña del Mar-Quillota: Abril - Septiembre de 2003 / Management of community-acquired pneumonia by general practitioners in Viña del Mar and Quillota Health Service, Chile

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a potentially serious infection that results in numerous general practitioner visits and hospital admissions each year. Objective: to evaluate the clinical management of CAP by general practitioners in the emergency setting. Results: From April 1 to September 30, 2003, 3,701 adult cases of CAP were reported in Viña del Mar and Quillota Health Service, 73 percent of cases presented to emergency department and 27 percent to primary care units. Overall, 84 percent were treated as ambulatory patients and 16 percent were admitted to hospital. During a 6-month period, 229 ambulatory patients with CAP ( +/- SD = 56 +/- 21 years old) were prospectively evaluated in the emergency setting. Patients with CAP class I (40 percent) were treated with Clarithromycin (67.4 percent) or Amoxicillin (32.6 percent) during 10 days; and CAP type II cases (60 percent) were treated with Amoxicillin-clavulanate (74.5 percent) or Levofloxacin (24.8 percent) during 10 days. 226 of initial ambulatory patients (98.7 percent) were cured without hospitalization; three patients (1.3 percent) were subsequently hospitalized because of the failure of ambulatory treatment. Overall, three patients (1.3 percent) died; all deaths occurred during or immediately after hospitalization and were related to the severity of lung infection but not to the choice of antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: The majority of adult patients with CAP, without clinical severity criteria, could be managed as outpatients with low rates of hospital admission and mortality.

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) constituye una causa frecuente de consulta ambulatoria y hospitalización en la población adulta. Objetivos: describir el manejo de la NAC del adulto en el Servicio de Salud de Viña del Mar y Quillota durante la Campaña de Invierno de 2003. Resultados: Entre Abril y Septiembre, se atendieron 3.701 consultas por neumonía comunitaria del adulto, 73 por ciento en los servicios de urgencia y 27 por ciento en los consultorios de atención primaria. El 14 por ciento de los episodios de NAC requirieron hospitalización en el área de Viña del Mar y 21 por ciento en el área de Quillota. Se examinó una cohorte prospectiva de 229 adultos inmunocompetentes con NAC (+/ - DE = 56 +/ - 21 años de edad) de bajo riesgo y manejo ambulatorio según las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias, quienes fueron atendidos en los hospitales de Quillota, Viña del Mar y Limache durante el período de otoño-invierno. El 40 por ciento de los episodios correspondieron a NAC tipo I y 60 por ciento a NAC tipo II. Los pacientes con NAC tipo I fueron manejados con Claritromicina (67,4 por ciento) o Amoxicilina (32,6 por ciento) y los pacientes con NAC tipo II fueron manejados con Amoxicilina-Acido clavulánico (74,5 por ciento) o Levofloxacina (24,8 por ciento) durante 10 días. El 98,7 por ciento de los casos evolucionaron favorablemente sin requerir hospitalización, y sólo tres pacientes fueron admitidos al hospital debido a fracaso del tratamiento ambulatorio. Los tres pacientes fallecieron debido a la infección pulmonar y/o descompensación de una comorbilidad (1,3 por ciento). Conclusión: La mayoría de los enfermos con NAC, sin criterios de gravedad, pueden ser manejados en el medio ambulatorio con bajos índices de hospitalización, riesgo de complicaciones y muerte.

Manejo ambulatorio de la neumonía comunitaria del adulto en las unidades de emergencia. Servicio de Salud Viña del Mar - Quillota de la V Región / Assessment of the management of community - acquired pneumonia in adults outpatients

Background: There is limited information about the effectiveness of the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Chilean emergency rooms. Aim: To assess the treatment of CAP in emergency rooms at the Viña del Mar Health Service in Chile. Material and methods: Prospective study of immunocompetent adult patients consulting for a CAP in emergency rooms. Those that required hospital admission were considered ineligible. The initial clinical and laboratory assessment, antimicrobial treatment and their condition after 30 days of follow up, were recorded. Results: Three hundred eleven adult patients aged 57±22 years (152 males), were evaluated. Patients with class I CAP (40% of cases) were treated with Clarithromycin (71.8%) or Amoxicillin (26.6%) for 10 days. Patients with class II CAP (60%) were treated with Amoxicillin-clavulanate (80.7%) or Levofloxacin (18.2%) for 10 days. Three hundred eight patients (99%) were cured without need of hospital admission; three patients (1%) were subsequently hospitalized because of clinical failure of ambulatory treatment. Overall, three patients (1%) died; all deaths occurred during or immediately after hospitalization and were related to the severity of lung infection but not to the choice of antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: The outpatient management of CAP by general practitioners working at emergency rooms was clinically effective with low rates of hospital admission and mortality.

[Evaluating severity of community-acquired pneumonia in adults]. / Evaluación de la gravedad en la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad.

Clinical evolution in patients affected by community acquired pneumonia varies from a mild and low risk infectious disease to an extremely severe, life threatening disease. Commonly, immunocompetent adults without co-morbidities or severe risk factors cared for at out patient clinic have low risk of complications and death (mortality below 1-2%); it increases to 5-15% in patients with co-morbidities and/or with specific risk factors that are admitted into the hospital and reaches 20-50% in those patients admitted into ICUs. Evaluation of severity in patients with pneumonia allows the prediction of disease evolution, establishing the proper setting of care, the type- of microbiological tests needed, and to choose the best empiric antibiotic treatment. It is suggested that patients be in three risk categories: low risk (mortality under 1-2%) susceptible to ambulatory treatment; high risk patients (mortality 20-30%) that need specialized wards; and intermediate risk patients, with co-morbidities and/or risk factors for complicated clinical evolution and death, but cannot be classified in a specific category. In the ambulatory setting, without availability of complete laboratory exams, it is recommended to evaluating the severity of pneumonia considering the following clinical variables: age over 65 years, presence of co-morbidities, sensorial compromise, vital signs alteration, degree of radiological involvement: multilobar, bilateral findings, cavitations), pleural effusion and arterial oximetry < 90%. However, clinical judgement and the physician's experience must predominate over predictive models, which are not infallible.

Evaluación de la gravedad en la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad / Evluating severiity of community-acquired pneumonia inaddults

Clinical evolution in patients affected by community acquired pneumonia varies from a mild and low risk infectious disease to an extremely severe, life threatening disease. Commonly, immunocompetent adults without co-morbidities or severe risk factors cared for at out patient clinic have low risk of complications and death (mortality below 1-2%); it increases to 5-15% in patients with co-morbidities and/or with specific risk factors that are admitted into the hospital and reaches 20-50% in those patients admitted into ICUs. Evaluation of severity in patients with pneumonia allows the prediction of disease evolution, establishing the proper setting of care, the type- of microbiological tests needed, and to choose the best empiric antibiotic treatment. It is suggested that patients be in three risk categories: low risk (mortality under 1-2%) susceptible to ambulatory treatment; high risk patients (mortality 20-30%) that need specialized wards; and intermediate risk patients, with co-morbidities and/or risk factors for complicated clinical evolution and death, but cannot be classified in a specific category. In the ambulatory setting, without availability of complete laboratory exams, it is recommended to evaluating the severity of pneumonia considering the following clinical variables: age over 65 years, presence of co-morbidities, sensorial compromise, vital signs alteration, degree of radiological involvement: multilobar, bilateral findings, cavitations), pleural effusion and arterial oximetry < 90%. However, clinical judgement and the physician´s experience must predominate over predictive models, which are not infallible.

La evolución del paciente con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad puede variar entre un cuadro infeccioso banal de bajo riesgo de complicaciones hasta uno de extrema gravedad con riesgo vital. En general, el adulto inmunocompetente sin co-morbilidad ni criterios de gravedad manejado en el medio ambulatorio tiene bajo riesgo de complicaciones y muerte (letalidad menor de 1-2%), elevándose a 5-15% en los pacientes con co-morbilidad y/o factores de riesgo específicos que son admitidos al hospital y a 20-50% en aquellos admitidos a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. La evaluación de la gravedad en el paciente con neumonía permite predecir la evolución de la enfermedad, orientar el lugar de manejo, la extensión del estudio microbiológico, y el tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico. Se sugiere clasificar a los enfermos en tres categorías de riesgo: pacientes con bajo riesgo (mortalidad inferior a 1-2%) susceptibles de tratamiento ambulatorio; pacientes con alto riesgo (mortalidad entre 20-30%) que deben ser manejados en unidades especializadas del hospital; y pacientes con riesgo intermedio, con co-morbilidad y/o factores de riesgo de evolución complicada y muerte, pero que no es posible clasificar en una categoría precisa. En el medio ambulatorio, donde no se dispone de exámenes complementarios, se recomienda evaluar la gravedad de los pacientes con neumonía considerando las siguientes variables clínicas: edad sobre 65 años, presencia de co-morbilidad, compromiso de conciencia, alteración de los signos vitales, compromiso radiográfico multilobar o bilateral, presencia de cavitación o efusión pleural, y SaO2 < 90%. Sin embargo, el juicio clínico y la experiencia del médico deben predominar sobre los modelos predictores, los cuales no son infalibles.

[Assessment of the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults outpatients]. / Manejo ambulatorio de la neumonía comunitaria del adulto en las unidades de emergencia. Servicio de Salud Viña del Mar-Quillota de la V Región.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information about the effectiveness of the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Chilean emergency rooms. AIM: To assess the treatment of CAP in emergency rooms at the Viña del Mar Health Service in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of immunocompetent adult patients consulting for a CAP in emergency rooms. Those that required hospital admission were considered ineligible. The initial clinical and laboratory assessment, antimicrobial treatment and their condition after 30 days of follow up, were recorded. RESULTS: Three hundred eleven adult patients aged 57+/-22 years (152 males), were evaluated. Patients with class I CAP (40% of cases) were treated with Clarithromycin (71.8%) or Amoxicillin (26.6%) for 10 days. Patients with class II CAP (60%) were treated with Amoxicillin-clavulanate (80.7%) or Levofloxacin (18.2%) for 10 days. Three hundred eight patients (99%) were cured without need of hospital admission; three patients (1%) were subsequently hospitalized because of clinical failure of ambulatory treatment. Overall, three patients (1%) died; all deaths occurred during or immediately after hospitalization and were related to the severity of lung infection but not to the choice of antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The outpatient management of CAP by general practitioners working at emergency rooms was clinically effective with low rates of hospital admission and mortality.